Is Carbon Dating Accurate essays

Is Carbon Dating Accurate essays Carbon dating, used since 1948, is currently the main method of testing artifacts for age. My objective through this essay is to disprove the accuracy of the Carbon 14 dating method. William Libby invented carbon dating in 1948. It works on the principle that the carbon 14-C, is radioactive. It decays at a known rate called a half-life. This is balanced by the fact that 14-C is constantly produced in atmospheric reactions. Because of this, 14-C and its breakdown product 12-C, typically stay in balance. Carbon is passed between the ocean, atmosphere, and living things in the Carbon Cycle. When an animal dies it is taken out of the carbon cycle. After this, the proportion of 14-C to 12-C steadily declines. This supposedly allows one to date an object by the proportion of 14-C to 12-C. The problems of Carbon 14 dating are endless. A test in Science (vol. 141, page 636, August 16, 1963) showed the shell from a living mollusk to be dead for 3,000 years! Tests of Hawaiian lava flows known to be less than 200 years old have been dated up to 3 billion years old! The truth is, the time range for 14-C is unknown1! That is, the scientists themselves do not know the effective range for 14-C. Also, All carbon dates have a plus-minus probable error range. The older the item, the bigger the error range. An additional problem is that the true half-life of 14-C is unknown2! Scientists are drawing logical conclusions from an assumption of 14-Cs half-life!. Surrounding soil, water, vegetation and/or animal matter can even contaminate samples! When this contamination occurs, it mixes the date for the item with the date of the contaminant. Exacerbating this effect, non-living items cannot be dated! There is also the human subjectivity in carbon-14 dating. For instance, if someone found a 9.5 million year old human in an area where there was a ...

Free Essays on Mice And Men

English coursework: who is the loneliest character in of mice and men? The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is basically about two characters that travel together, Lennie and George. They settle down at a ranch for work. Together they hope to pursue their American dream. It follows up on various other men at the ranch, and issues faced during the time of the American depression. ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set in the fictional town of Soledad, in southern California, situated on the Salinas River. Steinbeck set the different scenes from his own knowledge as he worked at a ranch himself. The first chapter is set beside the river with Lennie and George hiding from some people, while the main part of the novel is focused at the ranch. The final scene takes place were the journey started. The novel is mainly evolves around the misfit characters but also involving others who make the story more realistic. Men during the American depression laboured at ranches having no family or no relationship with woman. The only place they had a physical relationship was at a brothel. Throughout the novel the men threat the only woman at the ranch as if she is alien to them. Perhaps because of curlys wife’s seductive attitude. Steinbeck shows that most of the characters are uneducated by the using colloquial language, for example ‘they come, an’ they quit an’ go on; an’ every damn one of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head’. Steinbeck also makes use of colours and sounds to describe his characters, such as the Curly’s wife who is linked with the colour red ‘her fingernails were red; she wore a cotton house dress and red mules’. Steinbeck also based his novel in Soledad meaning loneliness in Spanish, a key theme in the novel. Steinbeck also refers to Lennie as an animal, ‘dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws’, because his muscular body and animal like behaviour. Lennie and George’s relations... Free Essays on Mice And Men Free Essays on Mice And Men English coursework: who is the loneliest character in of mice and men? The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is basically about two characters that travel together, Lennie and George. They settle down at a ranch for work. Together they hope to pursue their American dream. It follows up on various other men at the ranch, and issues faced during the time of the American depression. ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set in the fictional town of Soledad, in southern California, situated on the Salinas River. Steinbeck set the different scenes from his own knowledge as he worked at a ranch himself. The first chapter is set beside the river with Lennie and George hiding from some people, while the main part of the novel is focused at the ranch. The final scene takes place were the journey started. The novel is mainly evolves around the misfit characters but also involving others who make the story more realistic. Men during the American depression laboured at ranches having no family or no relationship with woman. The only place they had a physical relationship was at a brothel. Throughout the novel the men threat the only woman at the ranch as if she is alien to them. Perhaps because of curlys wife’s seductive attitude. Steinbeck shows that most of the characters are uneducated by the using colloquial language, for example ‘they come, an’ they quit an’ go on; an’ every damn one of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head’. Steinbeck also makes use of colours and sounds to describe his characters, such as the Curly’s wife who is linked with the colour red ‘her fingernails were red; she wore a cotton house dress and red mules’. Steinbeck also based his novel in Soledad meaning loneliness in Spanish, a key theme in the novel. Steinbeck also refers to Lennie as an animal, ‘dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws’, because his muscular body and animal like behaviour. Lennie and George’s relations... Free Essays on Mice And Men The theme of loneliness in ‘Of mice and men’ The novel of 'Mice and men’ by John Steinbeck is set in the 1930s. This was a time of economic depression in the United States. Depression was a time where there was not a lot of money around so people had to move around to find jobs. His inspiration came from his own life experiences. The book is manly about George and Lennie they are two farm workers travelling through California during the depression. Their dream is to save enough money to buy their own farm with lots of animals and rabbits because Lennie likes rabbits very much. George is bright and knows the way of the world and has always looked after Lennie, who is big and strong, but "isn’t too bright". Lennie often gets into trouble because he doesn't know his own strength, he also gets frightened when things go wrong. The story tells us how strong lennie is when he finds a mouse he starts to stroke it but since he does not know his own strength the mouse was killed. Candy is the old ‘swamper’ who cleans out the bunkhouse. He is a ‘tall stoop-shouldered old man’. He is cripple and only has one hand. He knows lots of gossip and tells George and Lennie about how the boss victimizes Crooks. Candy is lonely his only friend is his dog. He has had it since it was a puppy but everybody else in the ranch is threatening to kill it because it is useless. This is exactly how Candy feels that they will ‘can’ him soon as he is old. Crooks is the only black man on the ranch; he lives alone in a dark and gloomy room all by himself. Everybody stays away from him because of his colour. Once in the story Lennie came into Crooks’s room and they started talking because they were both lonely and they started to become friends. Crooks shares the same dream as George and Lennie which is they will live ‘off the fat of a land’ and have rabbits to tend and look after the acres they hope they will have. Curley’s...

Image of Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Image of Christ - Essay Example This only makes it easier for artists to depict Christ in equal proportions regarding the duality; â€Å"In representing Christ’s dual nature, Murillo also expresses human ambivalence.†1 But not all artists and painters see Christ in the same light. For instance Pieter Bruegel points to â€Å"humanity and vulnerability of Christ Child.†2, more so his painting also depicts inhumanity of the people surrounding the infant Christ. The artwork of Giovanni Bellini (1459-1516) interests me particularly. His depiction of Christ ‘resting peacefully’ is superb. Although Jesus Christ was nailed to the cross after being severely tortured, his body hardly bears any mark of torture. He is shown lying across the lap of his mother, peacefully sleeping. However he is not really sleeping as in biblical traditions, sleep was considered â€Å"a natural metaphor for death†3. This piece interests me because by showing so little in his paintings, he tells a whole lot more. In his other painting the infant Christ is lying in the lap of Virgin Mary and the look on her face suggests that she knows the fate of her child. In the background, the white crane fights with the snake; a possible interpretation that Christ will fight the devil where devil is represented by the snake, plus in some traditions a crane is regarded as a â€Å"harbinger of spring and hence of new