French Colonial Governance and the French Revolution in Pondicherry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2483 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? By the late 18th century, the French presence in India was on the decline. Once the only serious challenger to British dominance on the subcontinent, by the 1780s lInde Fran? §aise had been reduced to a series of demilitarized and economically neutered stations on the subcontinents east coast. Though all of these territories had experienced substantial decline since their mid-18th-century peak, none had fallen so far as Pondicherry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "French Colonial Governance and the French Revolution in Pondicherry" essay for you Create order What had once been a thriving and cosmopolitan city had declined to a remote outpost with a fraction of its peak population. Largely to blame for this decline were the successive losses of the French during the Seven Years War and the resulting political instability in the former possessions of the French East India Company. By 1788, Pondicherry was a marginal backwater of the First French Empire, a sorry remnant of what had once been a thriving French presence in India. It is in this position that Pondicherry found itself when revolution consumed France in 1789. Already forgotten by Paris and more than two months removed from the French capital by boat, Pondicherrys French and Tamil inhabitants reacted with anxiety to the news of revolt in the metropole. To the Tamils, the Revolution raised questions as to their relationship with their colonial overlords and the true nature of their status in the French nation. To the small Franco-Indian population, the Revolution brought a chaos that threatened their precarious dominance over Pondicherrys economic and political life. To both groups, the Revolution threatened to topple what remained of the French Empire in India altogether. The stakes, in short, could not be higher. In a colony where European military and political dominance was so precarious, and where the colonial state had been substantially weakened by decades of war fatigue, one might expect the chaos of the Revolution to have induced a native uprising. Further, stronger French colonial presences in St. Domingue and elsewhere would succumb to similar power vacuums and ultimately be consumed by Revolutionary violence. But in Pondicherry, the Revolution did not produce violence. The uniqueness of La Revolution Pacifique is grounded in the stability of the political and cultural relationships built between the French and Tamil inhabitants of the territory, and the consequent goodwill that existed between the two populations when the news of revolution reached Pondicherrys shores in 1790. The Revolution swept the French Empire when Pondicherry was at its weakest, forcing the French and Tamil populations to engage with one another to preserve the territorial integrity of their city in the face of a British Raj at the zenith of its power. However, while the directness of the conversations that took place might have been novel, the interactions themselves were notrather they drew on a tradition of political and cultural engagement between the French and the Tamils that had been developing in Pondicherry since the colonys establishment in 1674. And though the British would put an end to Revolutionary activities when they occupied Pondicherry in 1793, the three-year long conversation between the Franco-Indian and Tamil populations constituted an exceptional manifestation of what had already been an exceptional relationship in 18th century colonial South Asia. Examining primary and secondary literature regarding the Revolution in Pondicherry, it is clear that the anomalous upswing in peaceful political discourse that took place was due to the stability of the rapport between the territorys European and Indian populationsa stability that was formed over centuries in the unique conditions that existed at the margin of Frances empire. The existing secondary literature on this subject is sparse. The vast majority of sources that discuss the nature of French rule in Pondicherryof which there are still exceedingly fewfocus on the tenure of colonial governor Joseph Francois Dupleix in the 1750s and 60s, a period that is widely considered the zenith of French rule in India. The number of historical analyses available declines sharply as one enters the 1780s and 90s, and thus the unique conditions created in the territory leading up to the Revolution have not been as thoroughly analyzed, particularly by English-speaking authors. This is perhaps due to the fact that the vast majority of primary literature on this subject is written by French visitors to and inhabitants of the colony. These sourcesand analyses of themhave been monopolized by a small number of French-language secondary works. The flagship example of such French scholarship is Marguerite Labernadies La Revolution Et Les etablissements Francais Dans LInde, w hich remains the only example of French or English scholarship that focuses on the revolution in French India and from which this paper will borrow heavily. However, like other French-language works, Labernadies piece does not include references to the small number of crucial Tamil sources from 1790s Pondicherry. In combining analyses of pre-Revolutionary Pondicherry from both the English and French secondary literature with a renewed look at court and personal documents from the Revolutionary period, this paper will attempt to trace the roots of the French Revolutions peaceful manifestation in Pondicherry. The Establishment of Pondicherry: La Compagnie des Indes and The Chaudrie Court The French East India Company began its relationship with Pondicherry in 1674, when the Company made the coastal town the headquarter of their operations. Prior to the arrival of the Compagnie des Indes, Pondicherry had been a minor settlement in a series of great South Asian empires and had most recently fallen under the suzerainty of the Vijayanagar Emperor and the Sultan of Bijapur. At the time of Pondicherrys establishment as a colonial outpost, the mission civilatrice that would come to dominate the French Empire in the 19th century was not yet a priority for Paris imperial projectthe French had established Pondicherry solely on strategic and economic grounds. Though its pre-colonial history and founding have not been thoroughly explored by historians, Pondicherrys position as a strategic outpost, rather than an economic colony, would prove essential to the nature of everyday life in the city. Unlike in St. Domingue or Quebec, where resource extraction in the form of sugar and f ur would predominate, Pondicherry would remain an imperial outposta waystation for the spice trade and other goods flowing out of South and Southeast Asia. Thus, as the city was merely an imperial outpost, King Louis XIV established a Sovereign Council in 1701 to preside over basic municipal governance but excluded from its purview local legal issues. Though we cannot presume to know the exact motivations behind the decision, a pattern of French colonial governance suggests that Paris so completely considered Pondicherry a strategic outpost that the citys civil administration did not warrant attention or resources. Though it came from a place of dismissiveness, this decision to procrastinate on the establishment of a local court would eventually lead to a degree of enfranchisement for native Tamils somewhat rare in 18th century imperial history. As Pondicherry began to grow and a spike in local disputes demanded the creation of a more active administration, the Sovereign Council would charter le Tribunal de la Chaudrie. The Chaudrie Court, as it is referred to in English secondary literature, would oversee cases of inheritance, marriage, property, and other disputes through indigenous legal interpretations. And as the colonial government recognized Frenchmen were not well equipped to rule on such cases, the court was made up of native Tamils. The importance of this decision can to be understated: a colonial government empowering indigenous justice is not a common sight in early 18th century global history. Though it might be nice to imagine otherwise, it is unlikely the move was informed by not ions of racial equality or civic progressivism. Rather, as the docket of Indian civil cases had already grown dauntingly large, it became clear that local justices were clearly the best equipped to handle the cases quickly and without controversy. Thus the Tamils of Pondicherry experienced decades of devolved judicial administration, interrupted only briefly by English occupations of the territory, and this responsibility likely helped establish goodwill and ease tensions between European and indigenous inhabitants of the territory. LApogee: Joseph Francois Dupleix and the Zenith of French Pondicherry Such a laissez-faire approach, though its impact on intercommunal relations would be felt for years to come, was not to last. Under the leadership of Joseph Francois Dupleix, the political component of French rule in India took on an increasingly interventionist character. Though the transition from economic to political colonialism in South Asia is often viewed as a British phenomenon, there is bountiful evidence to suggest that the British learned this lesson from the French. Just as it would in the Raj, such an adjustment in imperial priorities during the Apogee, as Dupleixs tenure is referred to by French historians, demanded increasing intervention in local customs by the colonial authorities. However, it should be stressed that Pondicherry did not figure prominently in Dupleixs plans for a future French India, as he focused his attention on other cities on the subcontinent, and therefore he did not take pains to completely overhaul the intercommunal system at play in the territ ory. Further, whatever discontent was caused by increasing French intervention into local administrative affairs was likely offset by a convergence in cultural and religious values between Europeans and South Asians in the territory over decades of exposure and intermingling. By the arrival of Dupleix in the 1730s, there had already been profound social changes under previous administrators that had altered the social life of Pondicherry in a way that was amenable to positive intercommunal relations. Primary among these alterations were the religious transformations that preceded Dupleix resulting from the influx of French missionaries, who had flooded into lInde Fran? §aise in large numbers from its founding well into the 18th century. This influx notwithstanding, the French had displayed remarkable levels of religious tolerance that had helped established goodwill with the local populations over the first half of the 18th century. The relative religious tolerance combined with prolific missionary activity in the early 1700s profoundly impacted Pondicherry society, converting large segments of the lower caste population into casteless Christians, whose new religious affiliation bound them to French culture and custom. This cultural and religious transformation had reverberations in the political relationship between the native populations and their European government. With the Catholic population steadily growing, particularly among marginalized castes, the authority of the Catholic church presented large segments of disenfranchised Tamils with the opportunity to appeal to a supremeand distantauthority in cases of discrimination and segregation. In both 1745 and 1761, lower caste Christians appealed to Rome to int ervene on their behalf in caste disputes. Though the papal authorities expressed no sincere interest in pursuing a more equitable policygoing so far as to sanction discrimination in Catholic colonies in 1783the repeated instances of civil disobedience in Pondicherry were significant in the precedent they established if not in their actual effectiveness. Extensive primary source evidence regarding the motivations behind the 1745 and 1761 unrests does not exist, but one can only extrapolate from their repetitive peaceful resolution that these interactions helped establish a relationship in which civil disobedience and peaceful acceptance of the results became normalized. It was the unique conditions of French Indiawhere caste, Catholicism, and benign neglect coexistedthat enabled this relationship to form over the 18th century. The relationship between the French and South Asians was further improved by the governing philosophy of Dupleix, who allowed for Tamils of all castes, religions and creeds to serve alongside Europeans in the colonial government. On the Eve of the Revolution: British Occupation and the Collapse of the Old Order In order to illustrate the unique character of the colonial project in Pondicherry, it is important to stress that much of these colonial governance strategies existed in direct contrast with the modus o perandi of the neighboring British Raja contrast that is easily discernable due to the nature of the British occupation of Pondicherry in the 1780s. In the 1770s, the relatively liberal French colonial government had created a consultative Chamber of Indian Notablesa body that even further empowered segments of the Tamil population in Pondicherry. In 1778, when the British occupied Pondicherry during the Anglo-French war, this chamber was abolished as intercommunal relations were reconfigured along the British model. This paper by no means intends to paint a picture of French colonial governance as the pinnacle of social progressivism and political liberalism. But such actions taken by the Raj during its brief occupation of Pondicherry at the very least illustrate the relative liberalism of the citys colonial government and highlight the ways in which the conditions in the city were unique among other South Asian colonies. More than just sharpening the contrast between British and French colonial governing philosophies, the occupation of Pondicherry by the Raj had a lasting impact on life in the colony in that it undermined any sense of security that was still felt among its population. Above all of these currents running through life in Pondicherrythe uncommon cultural exchange, judicial independence of the locals, and unique interplay of faithsit would be this element of instability that would inform Pondicherrys experience during the Revolution. Beginning in the 1760s, life in the colony would be rendered almost intolerable by a series of military skirmishes with English forces that would reduce the territory to only nominal independence. In 1763, Pondicherry was reduced to ruins by British forces in a conflict that ousted Dupleix and would end the period of LApogee. Then, during the hostilities surrounding the American Revolution, the British would occupy Pondicherry for 5 years from 1778 to 1783. Though it was returned to French sovereignty after the conclusion of the war, life in the city would never be the same. While French institutions abolished under British ruleincluding the Chamber of Notableswere restored, the entire city, and the French colonial project in South Asia more generally, had been irreparably traumatized. The total population of the city declined dramatically, with the number of European inhabitants declining even more precipitously. On the eve of the Revolution, only 260 French soldiers remained in the territory. Government documents from the period show a desperate lack of resources on the part of the French military and government establishment. French primary sources from this period illustrate the dread and discontent among the Europeans who remained in the colony, with colonial administrators reflecting on their critical and unhappy position and disastrous circumstances in the aftermath of the British occupation. The secondary literature on this period draws similar conclusions from the evidence available, calling the conditions of poverty and disorganization nearly impossible to solve. It was in this environment that news of the French Revolution arrived in Pondicherry. Brought to the shores of South Asia by the French vessel La Bienvenue, news of the events in France were met with unease by the European population in particular. Complaints from the period declare that the incomplete and vague stories emanating from France had thrown the colony into the greatest worry, and the Europeans waited with great impatience for news of what sort of kingdom or state would emerge at the end of the rebellion.

Multiple Intelligences in the ESL Classroom

The theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of education at Harvard University. Here is a discussion of the eight different intelligences Dr. Gardner proposes and their relationship to the ESL / EFL classroom. Each explanation is followed by lesson plans or exercises which can be used in class. Verbal / Linguistic Explanation and understanding through the use of words. This is the most common means of teaching. In the most traditional sense, the teacher teaches and the students learn. However, this can also be turned around and students can help each other understand concepts. While teaching to other types of intelligences is extremely important, this type of teaching focuses on using language and will continue to play the primary role in learning English. Example Lesson Plans (re)Introducing Phrasal Verbs to ESL StudentsComparative and Superlative FormsCountable and Uncountable Nouns - Noun QuantifiersReading - Using Context Visual / Spatial Explanation and comprehension through the use of pictures, graphs, maps, etc. This type of learning gives students visual clues to help them remember language. In my opinion, the use of visual, spatial and situational clues is probably the reason learning a language in an English speaking country (Canada, USA, England, etc.) is the most effective way to learn English. Example Lesson Plans Drawing in the Classroom - ExpressionsVocabulary Charts Body / Kinesthetic Ability to use the body to express ideas, accomplish tasks, create moods, etc. This type of learning combines physical actions with linguistic responses and are very helpful for tying language to actions. In other words, repeating Id like to pay by credit card. in a dialogue is much less effective than having a student act out a role-play in which he pulls out his wallet and says, Id like to pay by credit card. Example Lesson Plans Lego Building BlocksYoung Learners Games for ESL Classes - Simon SaysTelephone English Interpersonal Ability to get along with others, work with others to accomplish tasks. Group learning is based on interpersonal skills. Not only do students learn while speaking to others in an authentic setting, they develop English speaking skills while reacting to others. Obviously, not all learners have excellent interpersonal skills. For this reason, group work needs to balanced with other activities. Example Lesson Plans Conversation Lesson: Multinationals - Help or Hindrance?Creating a New SocietyGuilty - Fun Classroom Conversation GameLets Do Tourism Logical / Mathematical Use of logic and mathematical models to represent and work with ideas. Grammar analysis falls into this type of learning style. Many teachers feel that English teaching syllabi are too loaded towards grammar analysis which has little to do with communicative ability. Nonetheless, using a balanced approach, grammar analysis has its place in the classroom. Unfortunately, because of certain standardized teaching practices, this type of teaching sometimes tends to dominate the classroom. Example Lesson Plans Match-up!English Grammar ReviewDifferent Uses of LikeConditional Statements - Reviewing the First and Second Conditional Musical Ability to recognize and communicate using melody, rhythm, and harmony. This type of learning is sometimes underestimated in ESL classrooms. If you keep in mind that English is a very rhythmic language because of its tendency to accent only certain words, youll recognize that music plays a role in the classroom as well. Example Lesson Plans Grammar ChantsMusic in the ClassroomPracticing Stress and IntonationTongue Twisters Intrapersonal Learning through self-knowledge leading to understanding of motives, goals, strengths and weaknesses. This intelligence is essential for long-term English learning. Students who are aware of these types of issues will be able to deal with underlying issues that can improve or hamper English usage. Example Lesson Plans Setting ESL ObjectivesEnglish Learning Goals Quiz Environmental Ability to recognize elements of and learn from the natural world around us. Similar to visual and spatial skills, Environmental intelligence will help students master English required to interact with their environment. Example Lesson Plan Global English

World Is Flat by Friedman Movie Review Example

Essays on World Is Flat by Friedman Movie Review The paper "World Is Flat by Thomas Friedman" is an amazing example of a movie review on business. The video lecture by Thomas Friedman implied that the global economic playing field is being leveled/flattened and Americans are not ready (Friedman). There are some key reasons why this transformation occurred. First of all the PC allowed individuals to offer their own content in digital form. A second key reason for the leveling of the world occurred on August 9, 1995. On that date, Netscape was born. The invention of the Netscape browser gave people a tool that brought the internet to life. The Netscape IPO triggered the dot com bubble which led to over one trillion in investments in online companies. Within a five year period, there was a fiber optic explosion that accelerated the availability and speed of the internet. A third key occurrence that helps this movement was the revolution in transmission protocols. Computer software became interconnected which spur collaboration between departments in a company and it provided the ability of collaboration with people from different parts of the world. The most important economic competition going forward is between you and your imagination. Success globally will depend on how well you learn to collaborate. Americans have not been able to keep up with these changes at an adequate pace. Other countries such as Japan, India, and Singapore have done a much better job of adapting to the latest online trends.   Based on the finding of this video I plan to make changes to my behavior online. I am going to educate myself further on technical matters in order to become more educated on the internet and its capabilities. In the future, I might seek to start my own online business in order to take advantage of the unlimited opportunities that are available for online businesses. To make sure my site is successful I plan on taking a course in online marketing. The success of an online business is dependent on how many viewers visit your website. Higher online traffic leads to more sales.

Dental Assisting for National Health and Research - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDental Assisting for National Health and Medical Research. Answer: Standard precaution and how to put it into practice Hand hygiene is one of the standard precaution and often infectious agents are often transmitted by contact. This contact could be with a patient, the environment or the health workers themselves. There are so many ways individuals are able to reduce the risks of the agents. First, the five moments of health hygiene should be followed no matter how much little time you got. Secondly, each facility has got policies on hand hygiene and every individual should be well aware of the policy and be keen to follow it. Thirdly every situation has an appropriate product that one should use according to the descriptions. Also, the policy of the facility has some stated rules about cuts, abrasions, fingernails, jewelry and nail polish which should be adhered to ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Hand-care products often provided by an organization should be used because individuals may not be able to work together with the hand-hygiene often provided. If anyone has a reaction to hand-care and hand hygiene products respective personnel should be informed of immediate action to be taken. Contacts with patients in the surrounding should be minimized especially the physically. Every individual should also try in leading by example so that others would try to emulate. To be well updated about hand hygiene, an individual should try as much as possible to attend sessions with hand hygiene lessons. When alcohol-based products are not always available in the hand-care stations then management should be informed of provision. These are the several ways of reducing or preventing the risk ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Contact precaution Infectious agents can either be transmitted either through direct or indirect contact. To prevent this, several contact precautions should be employed. Transmission through a direct contact is said to have occurred when the infectious agents have been transmitted from one to another without the immediate person or object being contaminated. On the other hand, indirect occurs when the immediate person or object is first infected, then to another person. to apply contact precautions one should first apply the standard precautions, for example, hand hygiene because it prevents contact transmission. The equipment in a healthcare should be properly handled for example they can be sterilized after use or thrown for the safety of the non-infected person ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Frequent movement of patients from one place to another increases the chances of being infected too, therefore, it should be minimized. This helps in reducing contaminations from the environment. Infected areas should be properly closed. An appropriate personal protective equipment should be used depending on the occasion. Patients in a healthcare should also be properly placed to ensure effectiveness and keep them safe from the infectious agents. This may include precautions like keeping the charts of the patients outside of the room and maintaining hand hygiene before getting into the patients room ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Risk management In this kind of a situation, the risk can be managed. In this example of a case study, many types of risks can be identified. If the health worker had used the appropriate PPE while handling the patient, then there are high chances of exposure of the infectious agents. PPE should be used to prevent the transmission of the infectious agents either through direct contact, indirect contact or through air-borne ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Possible cause of the risks is the carelessness of the health worker while carrying the container. It should be handled with care. Infectious agents can easily be transmitted from the environment to the patient or even to the health workers themselves. The risk can be evaluated as a high risk because of the consequences it can pose to the individuals. After spills, the surfaces should be properly cleaned. Use of detergents is advisable in such a case so as to deal with the spills of blood from the bandages. Sodium hypo chlorite can be used in this case to prevent blood-borne viruses. Sharp objects should be removed using clumping objects to ensure that one is not pierced. A spill kit should be used in this kind of case ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Risk caused by the case to other workers and how to inform others during the management The health workers, in this case, are at a high risk of being transmitted, infectious agents. Cuts from the sharp objects are also one of the possible risks in this case. This can be prevented by use of the appropriate PPE in managing the situation ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). For example, use of gloves limits the worker from being in direct contact with the contaminated surface. Posters should be placed on the noticeboard to warn the other workers and patient about the damage and to direct them in another way in. A session should be held in which cleaning skills are enhanced so as to cope up with such a case. Key points in cleaning the healthcare work environment PPE is worn when there is a high risk of contamination in a certain area. PPE is often designed for a given protected area and should not be worn outside that area. It is often worn by health workers when dealing with patients or when doing a routine cleaning in a healthcare unit. Normal detergent is often used for routine cleaning of healthcare station but when there is soiling of surfaces due to blood, body fluid contamination with dust or the presence of infectious agents then disinfectants may be used to stop blood-borne diseases and stop the transmission of the infectious agents. The surface is first cleaned with a detergent solution then followed by a disinfectant. When cleaning general surfaces, a detergent is often used. This may include surfaces like the walls and surfaces that are frequently touched ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Sterilization Sterilization help in destroying the microorganisms that might be present on the surface of the device or an instrument. this helps in preventing the transmission of a disease associated with that device. One way of sterilization is by using steam. Another way is by using a low-temperature sterilization method. There is the reprocessing of items that are heat resistant. Reprocessing of items that are moisture sensitive and heat sensitive often require a technology with low temperatures. Dry and sterile equipment should be stored in a clean and dry environment away from sharp objects that might destroy their packaging. Equipment should also be stored according to their reprocessing ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). The use of PPE PPE is often used in a restricted environment when handling patients or when handling certain equipment to prevent the transmission of an infectious disease. PPE is a protective measure that is taken in a health care station to ensure the patients safety. Health workers always use PPE to avoid direct contact of transmission to a patient in case of a contamination ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Staff is often provided with clothing in a high risk of contamination areas. They are therefore advised to remove it before leaving the room. In a low-risk contamination area, a cloth that is in contact with the patients should not be worn outside that area. PPE should not be worn inappropriately, for example, wearing it in a public place or rather a place outside the facility. The environment is also contaminated with infectious agents and this will put the patients at a high risk ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Waste management Standard precautions should be followed when handling waste. This is done to prevent exposure to blood and many other body substances when handling the waste. Hands should be washed thoroughly following the required procedure. One should also choose the appropriate PPE, for example, the gloves. Color coding helps in identifying the type of waste, to place in a certain container. Waste should be put in the segregated area. This will help reduce the risks. Clinical waste should be disposed of according to health care waste management plan. Waste in a health care should be handled properly and the workers should be taught the various ways of handling waste ("NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Purpose of a clean zone A clean zone is an area out of the contaminated zone where medicaments, equipment, and materials are stored. This area often consists of a patient record or charts, desk, computer area or a workstation ("audiometry - clinicinfectioncontrol", 2018). Sterilized instruments in this area should never come in contact with contaminated instruments. A clean zone always contains organisms that are new to the patient and are always dangerous to the patient if they are transmitted from the clean zone directly to the patient through the hands. This is why hand hygiene should be performed whenever staff moves between the patient and a clean zone. This is one way of ensuring that there is no transmission of an infection. Purpose of a contaminated zone A contaminated zone is an area where the items that are contaminated are used. This often consists of patients, an item that has been touched during the procedure and the area or surface receiving the contaminated items. This zone is always contaminated with either the patients blood or saliva that might have spilled during the operation ("audiometry -clinicinfectioncontrol", 2018). All the surfaces and items in this zone should be sterilized or clean after each patient to prevent transmission. All the contaminated instruments should be confined in this contaminated zone. Some of the contaminated items should be disposed of after use. References audiometry - clinicinfectioncontrol. (2018).Audiometry.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://audiometry.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net/clinicinfectioncontrol NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council. (2018).Healthdirect.gov.au. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/partners/nhmrc-national-health-and-medical-research-council